Industrial fuel oil powers a vital purpose in many sectors of our economy. This crude petroleum product is extensively used to generate power for industrial activities, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The characteristics of industrial fuel oil permit it a suitable choice for these demanding applica

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that then